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.1 •- .,,«, 



VERMONT 



' OCT 9 1893 



A GLIMPSE 



SCENERY.. 



■• ' T'/s a roiigli land of rock and s/onc and ti-cc, 
]]7/err /'rra/Z/cs )io castled lord, nor cahhicd slave. 

\\ kcre tliouglits atid hands and tongues are free. 
And friends zv/llfnd a -Ji'elconie, foes a grave." 



AND 



....INDUSTRIES 



VICTOR 1. SPEAR 



Argus and Patriot Pkint, Montpelier, Vt. 



IS.Sl'KD UV IIIK 

STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE 

1S93 




WINOO.^Kl 1(1\KK MiAU M()\ TIMil.l UK. 



INTRODUCTORY; 



THE only excuse offered for the preparation of these 
pages is the belief that Vermont has a history and 
tradition which it is an inspiration to study, and pre- 
sents advantages and attrat!:tions which commend it to 
either the business man, the seeker of a home, or the 
tourist. An attempt has been made to call attention, 
by illustration and description, to a few of the promi- 
nent faL^ts and features of the Slate. The illustrations 
are all made from photographs, and as correct as it 
was possible to obtain. The descriptive matter has 
been prepared with care, and is believed to be reason- 
abl}' accurate. It is hoped and expe^Hed that many of 
the quarter of a million native Vermonters now living 
in other States will take an interest in the work, and 
if it is found that in the twenty or fifty 3ears since 
leaving the State that some things have changed, that 
business is now being done in a different way, that 
new industries have sprung up, that the manner of 
living has changed, and that the Vermont of the pres- 
ent seems unnatural, they are assured that many things 



remain the same. The streams have neither changed 
their courses nor lost their beaut}-. The mountains 
retain the same rugged and interesting outlines. The 
hills have lost none of their former freshness, nor the 
valleys their peculiar chaini. The water is as pure 
and sparkling, the air still laden with health and vigor, 
the winters as cold and the summers as delightful as 
ever, and will all seem to give a welcome sreetinu- to 
those who have once known them. 

Thiaigh there may be some truih as applied to the 
State, in the humorous statement of a recent writer as 
to a certain Vermont town, ''That tlie advance in mod- 
ern civilization has done away with many of the pecu- 
liarities of the early daj's, and the people are getting 
to be no better than their lowland neighbors, who there- 
fore no longer despise them," it is nevenheleis true 
that the Vermonter of today retains man\' of the cl-ar- 
a6teristics of the early days, and this will never disap- 
pear until the physical conditions of a State cease to 
leave their imjirint on its people. 




Ml MA\Slll;H) AND SMLGGLEHS' NO'lCIl. 



HISTORICAb 



♦♦♦♦♦♦♦«♦ 



THOUGH it is not intended to dwell upon matters 
of history, there are certain periods and events in 
the past to which Vermonters always refer with justifi- 
able pride, and a reference to which may help to a 
better understanding of the present. The first strug- 
gle of the early settlers with the forests that covered 
the countr}' was quickly followed bv a contest with the 
people of the adjoining territory, who undertook to get 
from them the lands that they had bought and im- 
proved. The resistance on the part of the settlers, 
under the able leadership of Allen, Warner and Baker, 
comprises a period of history possessed of romantic 
interest. The part taken by these same men a few 
years later in the war of the revolution, in which they 
bore a conspicuous part, and fought valiantly for the 
independence of the colonies, not knowing whether 
success in their efforts was to be to them an advantage 
or a loss, was an exhibition of faith in the final triumph 
of right and justice, which has seldom, if ever, been 
equaled. The wise course of Governor Chittenden, in 



so managing affairs as to bring out of this conflift an 
independent commonwealth, which was later admitted 
to all the rights of statehood, deserves all the words of 
praise that have ever been bestowed upon it. The 
present generation cannot over-estimate the debt that 
is owed to the pioneers, nor too often recall the sacri- 
fice made in behalf of what seemed to them ricrht and 
just. The motive and the conflict are well expressed 
in the following lines : 

■' Fierce was thy long campaign 
For liberty, to gain 

A sure repose ; 
Thy banner wide unfurled, 
Thou didst ' defy the world.' 
And thy stout weapons hurled 

'Ciainst all thy foes." 

One of the first vicftories of the revolution was won 
by Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys at 
Ticonderoga. The first blood shed in that contest 
was the blood of a Vermonter, William French, at 
Westminster. On the fields of Hubbardton and Ben- 



r 






],.\lv.l'. DL NMUKl. 



nington, Vermonters bore a 
disiiiiguished part. Later, 
at Plattsburgh, it was 
shown that the qualities of 
^'ermonters were unchang- 
ed, and still later, in the 
great national contest, it 
turned out that no State 
furnished so large a pro- 
portion of its citizens in de- 
fence of the country as Ver- 
mont. To its credit and 
sorrow it is recorded that 
no State lost so large a 
proportion of its sons in 
battle as Vermont. 



5C? 



^|Li 




TICONDEllOGA AND El IIAN ALLEN .MONUMEN T. 



The first soil broken for a Union intrench- 
ment was by Vermonters. The first charge 
made upon a rebel fortification was by Ver- 
monters, and in the closing aiit of that bloody 
drama, when the Union troops marched 
through the Confederates' capital, Vermont 
soldiers were at the head of the column. 
Well might the gallant Sedgwick give his 
memorable order, " Put the \'ermonters ahead, 
and keep the column well closed up." From 
Bull Run to Appomatox there was no failure 
of the Vermont troops to respond to every 
call. And of all the battle flags borne by Ver- 
mont regiments, no one of them ever became 
the possession of the enemy, but all were re- 
turned in triumph to the 
custody of the State. 

It appears that the orig- 
inal plan of colonization 
did not contemplate any 
separate organization or 
State of the territory com- 
prising \^ermont. but the 
conflict of claims on the 




SII.VICK I.AKK UKori- 



part of New York, New Hampshire, and Massa- 
chusetts to this territory resulted in making it an 
independent State, and the record made by the peo- 
ple of Vermont has justified its existence. Though 
small in area and traversed by mountains, having con- 
siderable of its 10,000 square miles unfitted for agricul- 
tural purposes, it has always preserved its place at or 
near the head of the column in all matters of develop- 
ment and improvement. And though from its small 
area it might easily be overlooked on the map of the 
United States, it is always prominent when one studies 
either the political, social, educational, or industrial 
condition of the country, and the imprint, \'ermont, so 
often found, is always in conneiftion with the best that 
has been accomplished. 



EARLY INDUSTRIES. 



RTO one living toda}- can tell the story of Vermont 
j » from the beginning, for it is already far into the 
second century of its existence. Few now living can 



give personal knowledge of the industries of the State, 
and the manner of living in early times. The first 
work of the people, the felling of the trees that covered 
this territory, the burning of the logs to charcoal and 
ashes to be used as commodities of commerce, the 
clearing of this land and making it ready for the har- 
row and the crop of wheat, the slow and laborious 
process of removing the stones and stumps and making 
tillable fields, represents an amount of hard, untiring 
labor, which the present generation know nothing of, 
except as it is told by the oldest citizen, or learned 
from books. 

While the farmer in early times was depending upon 
the sale of charcoal, potash, wheat, and potatoes for 
his principal income, the wife was utilizing the other 
produfls of the land, and was spinning the flax and 
wool which the farmer had raised, and with loom con- 
verting it into cloth, to supply the necessities of the 
household. Busy and toilsome were the days of the 
pioneers, and often the day"s work extended far into 
the nicrht. Meagre were the returns for this labor, 
but sufficient to raise up and provide lor large families, 
which seldom lacked the necessities or knew the lux- 
uries of life. 




i:m\i:i!m IV oi- \ i:i;M<)Nr 




V ^>-xHv Or; d 1^0 saloon Tn+t^f Valley. " 






EDUCATION. 

FROM the earliest settlement of the State, 
\'ermonters have taken great interest in the 
matter of education, and from the rude log school 
house with its hard benches, warmed by the open 
fireplace, if it can be said that it was warmed at 
all, in which the scholars were given the rudiments 
of an education by the faithful schoolmaster, who 
boarded around, and made his way through storms 
and snow drifts, often a mile or more to the scene of his 
labor, made his own fire, cared for the buildings, and 
taught six days in a week and as long as daylight lasted, 
receiving as compensation from $8 to $12 per month, to the 

11 



conditions of the present, we fmd that progress 
here has kept pace with the advance in other di- 
reiitions. 

In the early grants of land in the State a por- 
tion was reserved in each town for the use of 
schools, and this has been a perpetual income, 
as the lands were all rented, and the rents turn- 
ed over yearly to the school fund. Today the 
schools are well maintained, and though suffer- 
ing in some instances from lack of scholars, it is 
the purpose of Vermont to provide that each 
child raised upon its soil shall have the benefit of 
a free school to attend, within a reasonable dis- 
tance, or if remote from school privileges, to pro- 
vide for transporting to and from school. 

The State goes further than to provide schools. 
It makes the attendance of children within cer- 
tain ages compulsory, and provides punishment 
for the parent or guardian who neglects or refuses 
to send them. Though the common schools are 
the bed-rock upon which is grounded the educa- 
tional system, and the schools from which a ma- 
jority of the scholars recei^■e all the privileges 
they ever acquire, there are provided excellent 




HAYMAKING. 



institutions for higher and professional training. The 
largest and oldest of these higher institutes is the l^ni- 
versity of Vermont, located at Burlington, which has 
connected with it the State Agricultural College and 
Experiment Station, and an excellent medical college. 
It has the several departments usually found at modern 
universities, embracing classical, agricultural, scien- 
tific, civil, mechanical and ele6lrical engineering, all 
of which are supported by an able corps of professors. 
Middlebury College at Middlebury was chartered in 
1800, nine years later than the University of Vermont, 
but was the first college to graduate students, holding 
its first commencement in 1802. This college has a 
classical and scientific course. Norwich University 
was founded in 1820, and established at Norwich. It 
was removed to Northfield in 1866. The distinctive 
feature is its course in civil engineering and military 
science. Two hundred seventy-three commissioned 
officers from tliis institution served in the Mexican 
and civil wars. Besides its three colleges, Vermont 
has excellent schools lor higher education located at 
St. Johnsbury, Saxtons River, Poultney, Peacham, 
Bakersfield. Burlington, Bellows Falls, Barre, Mont- 
pelier, South Woodstock, Lyndon, Derby, New Haven 



and Craftsbury, three normal schools for training teach- 
ers, at Randolph, Johnson and Castleton, and graded 
schools in nearly all the larger towns, in many of 
which students are fitted for a college course. 

TEMPERANCE. 

e^SELY connected with the subjeiit of education in 
the minds of Vermonters is the subject of tem- 
perance. Vermont was one of the first States to ena6t 
laws restricting the sale of intoxicating liquors, and 
makes temperance one of tlie subjects to be taught in 
the common schools. 

For years the State has had a stringent prohibitory 
law, and the result of the efforts made on this subject 
has been to very greatly restrict the traffic. At the 
present time there are few violations, except in the 
larger towns, and here public sentiment is coming to 
demand a more thorough enforcement of the law : and 
where this is demanded the traffic cannot long endure, 
as \'ermont law on this subject carries sharp and severe 
punishment. 

The police regulations of the State are of the best. 
Ample provision is made for all offenders at the vari- 



13 




i.Kuii' OK .Viii^ini;!'; c a i i i. 



ous State institutions. The prison at Windsor, liouse 
of correction at Rutland, and reform school at Ver- 
gennes are ample in their accommodation for the 
needs of the State, and it is a matter of credit that the}' 
are not crowded with inmates. 

AGRICULTURE. 

IN few places is it more literally true than in Vermont 
that agriculture is the foundation upon which all 
other industries are builded. Until quite recently agri- 
culture has been almost the only industry of the State, 
and very great attention is given to the study of the best 
methods and the proper lines upon which to work in or- 
der to secure the best results. The farming land of Ver- 
mont is of great fertility, composed largely of disinte- 
grated rock. It has an enduring qualit}- found in few 
localities. After a hundred years of cultivation and con- 
tinuous cropping, it is found, by consulting the census 
of 1890, that the record of its products takes a high 
place. In raising wheat only one State produced as 
much per acre : of corn, two States only exceeded 
Vermont's record : four States only produced more 
potatoes to the acre : in buckwheat only one State 
exceeded \'ermont ; five States produced more barley 



per acre : five States produced more rye per acre : one 
State more oats. Vermont occupies the first place in 
both quantity and quality of maple sugar produced. 
Taken as a whole, Vermont takes the first place in a 
general average of quantity and value ot all these farm 
crops per acre. 

From the census it also appears that the average 
value of farm crops for each person employed is $400, 
against an average for the United States of $289. It 
also appears that from 1880 to 1890 the taxable prop- 
erty of the State showed an increase of 86 per cent, 
the average for the I'nited States being 43.46 per cent. 
Only sixteen of the States and territories showed as 
large an increase, and of these all except Florida were 
west of the Mississippi river, and had received large 
ga-ns in population. Again, the census shows taxa- 
ble property to each person in Vermont as $485.98, 
and an average for the United States of $387.62. 

POPULATION. 

THE consideration of the foregoing fa6ts naturally 
leads to an inquiry in regard to the population of 
the State, and in this it is found that the State has 



15 




GHOl'I" (.-1 II i;--i ■» c A 1 I I. 



remained nearly stationary. The larger towns have 
nearly all showed an increase, and the smaller or 
farming towns have fewer people than ten or twenty 
years ago. Several causes have contributed to pro- 
duce this condition, among which may be noted the 
large emigration that has gone out from the State to 
settle new territory. The building up of manufa6turing 
and the development of mining and quarrying has 
tended to draw from the rural districts, and others 
have not come to fill the places made vacant. This 
has led to a scarcity of help among the farmers, and 
the partial or complete neglecft in certain localities of 
good farming land. There has also come a change in 
the methods of farming, intensive taking the place of 
extensive methods, and b}- this means less land is 
required to produce the same amount than formerly, 
and this has put a portion of the larger holdings on 
the market. It is probably true that few localities can 
offer so good an opportunity to undertake farming on 
a small capital as Vermont. 

l^he Board of Agriculture has issued a catalogue 
this season, containing descriptions of about 200 Ver- 
mont farms that are at the present time without tenants, 
and on the market at a very low price. This pam- 



phlet, as well as others issued in recent years by the 
board, in which \^ermont and its industries are de- 
scribed, will be sent to any who may apply lor the 
same to Vit^tor I. Spear, Braintree, Vt. 



DAIRYING. 

I HE leading agricultural interest of Vermont at the 
present time is dairying, and the rapid advance 
made in the past few years indicates for it an impor- 
tant future. The methods employed, the stock kept, 
the feed supplied, have all undergone a transforma- 
tion. At the present time the majority of the milk 
produced is made up into its produ6ts of butter and 
cheese in the private dairy, though the establishment 
of creameries has gone forward at quite a rapid pace 
within the past few years, and in no }'ear have so 
many been established as within the past twelve 
months. The)' are proving of great benefit, especially 
to the dairyman with only a few cows, who cannot 
afford to give up his time to dairy work. The separ- 
ator and cold deep setting systems are both in use, but 
the past year or two has witnessed a tendency in favor 



17 





GREEN MOUNTAIN STOCK I'AUM {Tin Home ul lliu I,;ivgcst lUrd of 'I'hnrouKlibixil Jersey CiUlk in New EngUiiid). 








of the separator. The largest creamery in the world 
is located at St. Albans, and is supplied by about 60 
separators along the lines of railway centering at St. 
Albans. This creamery has 1,000 patrons who own 
15,000 cows. In 1892, 2,060,000 pounds of butter 
was made, the most made any day being 18,000 



pounds. This creamery has a capacity 
of 25,000 pounds per day. It has so 
far been unable to supply the demand 
of the market for its butter. 

The State is found to be admirably 
adapted to dairying, and its dairy pro- 
clui5fs have always taken a high rank. 
The sweet feed of the June pastures, 
and the rich grasses and corn stored 
for winter feed, and the pure water 
which everywhere abounds, are all 
essential elements of successful dairy- 
ing. In recent years the Vermont 
farmer has found that by means of the 
rapid communication between the farm 
and the cit}' it is possible to suppl)' not 
only cream, but in man}' cases milk, to 
the cit}' trade. The favorable loca- 
tion of Vermont, within five or six hours of all the 
principal cities of New England and New York, is a 
very important advantage to the V^ermont dairyman, as 
it enables him to supply the trade with produiits that 
are fresh, and ileliver whenever needed. The quality 
of \'ermont dairy products is pretty well established 









19 







"X^^C^^^^ 



-^i?-^ir_ixr 










4:H/i rRA/^KU/l- 



si'EciMKx ^•^;RMo^•T iioissiis. 



from competitions made with the world, the last two of 
which, at Paris and Madison Square, both resulted in 
bringing the gold medal to Vermont, in the first in- 
stance going to the Moulton Brothers, of Randolph, 
proprietors of the Green Mountain Stock Farm, and 
in the latter case to Hon. Homer W. Vail, of Pomfret. 

Another important fat!:tor in Vermont dairying is the 
cow used for the purpose, and probably no one element 
is more important. After trials extending to all breeds, 
it is pretty well established in the minds of \'ermont 
dairymen, and there is a praiitical unanimity of judg- 
ment among them, that the Jersey cow is the animal 
adapted to the purpose and the conditions that here 
prevail. Not that other breeds do not have their advo- 
cates and friends : they do, and in some sections the 
Guernsey is a formidable rival lor public favor. In 
the vicinity of cheese factories, and where the milk is 
to be sold to families, the Ayrshires have many friends, 
and have made a good record. Some, also, are friendly 
to the Holstein, others adhere to the Durham or the 
Devon, and each may have advantages to meet a par- 
ticular case. Man\- dairies in \'ermont are producing 
an average of 300 pounds of butter per cow per year, 
some exceeding this amount largely, and one, a dairy 



of 21 cows, having exceeded 400 pounds in 1892. No 
estimate made in 1889 fairly represents the dairy in- 
terest of 1892. The progress has been marked in 
many localities, and the 140 pounds average of the 
State, made from the census of 1889, would need to be 
added to in representing the present average.- 



HORSES. 

I HE reputation of Vermont in the produ6tion of 
horses rests upon the fame achieved by the Mor- 
gan breed. This class of horses sprung from the use 
of a stallion owned b\' one Justin Morgan, of the town 
of Randolph. This stallion in his day did not attraiit 
very great attention, but had a local reputation for 
great strength and endurance, coupled with a good 
degree of speed, but was rather below the ordinary 
size. The descendants of this sire retained his quali- 
ties in a remarkable degree, and established the breed 
of horses bearing the name of the owner, a breed in 
which \'ermont takes great interest and pride, and to 
which the horses of the country are largely indebted 
for the best qualities possessed at the present time. 



21 




f:'; 

"^^l 



'•'^wv.vii.'io,,;,, i,/,Mi'll!„f|Wl' 



m^j^^MBw^ 



VERMONT MERINO SHEEP, 1893. 



Vermont has been found to be- adapted for develop- Morgan, and from this blood have received much of 

ing and perfetiting animals of medium or small size, that which is best, for a time \'ermonters were in- 

whether in horses, cattle or sheep, and the Morgan clined to neglecft this stock on account of the demand 

horse possessed just those qualities which were adapted for larger horses, and during these years of neglect a 

to Vermont conditions. This blood has been sought large proportion of this stock was sold, and has since 

for by the breeders of the country, and a large per laid the foundation for successful horse breeding in 

cent of the noted horses trace back to the Vermont other States. At the present time great interest is 

22 



being taken in preserving what is left of tliis blood, 
and rapid advances have been made in the past ten 
years in producing a fine class of horses. For the 
class of horses termed "gentlemen's drivers" the Ver- 
mont Morgan horse has won the first place. In this 
blood is found united in a remarkable degree the quali- 
ties demanded — fair size, free action, great endurance, 
willing workers and intelligence. Vermont has at the 
present time some fine specimens of this breed of horses, 
two noted sires of the present day being shown in 
the accompanying engraving. Some intelligent breed- 
ers of this class of horses are receiving a liberal reward 
for their labor and skill, and it may be doubted if there 
is any department of agriculture offering better returns 
at the present time than intelligent effort in producing 
the horses demanded by men of wealth. 

And it is a question hardly susceptible of doubt 
that in no seiition can this work be followed with 
more advantages than in Vermont. In Vermont one 
finds a climate exactly adapted to developing to the 
highest perfection. Feed, whether from pasture or 
meadow, rich in all the qualities of flesh produdfion, 
lands to be bought at a low price, breeding stock 
available of the highest excellence, and the advantage 



of breeding on the same ground that has developed 
this particular class of horses — with these advantages 
in their favor, it is confidently expedfed that breeding 
superior horses in Vermont will increase, and thereby 
add to the prosperity of both the State and the breed- 
ers. 

SHEEP. 

I HE history of sheep husbandry in Vermont extends 
back to the earliest settlements of the State. The 
wool formerly spun and woven in the homes of the 
early settlers, from which clothing for the family was 
provided, was raised upon the few sheep which every 
settler thouglit it necessary to own. From raising wool 
for the use of the family the industr}- extended, and 
wool was produced to sell to the local fa6fories which 
came into existence, and from that extended until it 
became Ihc source of income to the farmer. Oxen 
were kept to do the work, sometimes a horse by the 
more prosperous to take the family to church, a cow 
to provide milk and butter for the family, and the bal- 
ance of the farm crops were mainly fed to sheep, and 



23 



the income from the sale of wool was almost the sole the Merino has done in the way of improving the 
source of monev revenue from the farm. This indus- Heeces of \'ermont sheep. Vermonters have found 
try increased rapidly, and early attention was given to large profits in impro\ing and developing the Spanish 
improving tiie quality and quantitv of product per ani- Merino, not only from increasing the wool product of 
mal. This desire for improvement led to importing their tiocks, but also in supph'ing this stock to the 
sheep from Spain for this purpose. Importations of flock masters of this and foreign countries, 
the Spanish Merinos were first made earl}- in the pres- In \'ermont the Merino sheep found favorable con- 
ent century, and during the war with England the ditions, and a people disposed to give them every 
price of Merino wool reached the phenomenal sum of advantage of skill and care ; and there are in the 
$2.50 per pound. Farmers were wild with desire to State today many flocks that for more than half a 
possess sheep, and especially Merinos, and prices for century have been bred upon the same farms by the 
Merino stock rams reached to $1,000 per head. original owners and their descendants. This persist- 
Following this excitement, at the close of the war, a ence and devotion to this stock, together with the 
dead calm settled over the sheep industry for a time, favorable conditions of the State, among which may 
and the thousand dollar sheep came to be sold at about be enumerated soil, climate, water and feed, has 
a dollar per head, but still the number of sheep on the placed the Vermont Merino in the front in every mar- 
farms continued to increase, and in 1840 reached the ket, and the \'ermont standard is more largely accepted 
number of 1,681,819, producing on an average 2.2 in this and tbreign countries than any other. Ample 
pounds of wool per head. In 1890 the number of evidence to sustain this claim is found in the long list 
sheep had decreased to 362,112, averaging 6.1 pounds of gold medals and first prizes which have come to 
per head. With only about one-fifth as many sheep, Vermont breeders from the international expositions 
Vermont is producing two-thirds as manv pounds of held at Hamburgh. Philadelphia and Paris. Probably 
wool now as in 1840. These figures from our census no business employing a like capital has ever brought 
reports are perhaps a sufKcient commentary as to what to the State so much money as the Merino sheep. 

24 



The^breeding at the present time is limited to a lew 
persons who have made it a life business, and will be 
slow to abandon an industry that has been so success- 
ful for nearly a century. There have always been 
seasons of high prices for this stock, followed by cor- 
responding low prices ; so that in any season when 
prices rule low, and tlie demand for breeding stock 
light, it is expected that in the next turn history will 
repeat itself and good prices prevail. Perhaps in no 
other occupation has there been so large a demand for 
faith in the future as in Merino sheep breeding, and 
each time those who have possessed faith have been 
rewarded. There is renewed interest in sheep in some 
portions of the State, in view of tlie fa6t that our mar- 
kets are calling for mutton in recent 3'ears, and it is 
found that \'ermont is admirably adapted to supplying 
this demand. The markets of the large towns of the 
State, as well as the cities of New England, take all 
that can be produced of good mutton at remunerative 
prices. 

The low price of \'ermont farming land makes it 
possible to raise this producit in competition with any 
section of the country, and to have the added advan- 
tage of markets within easy reach. Sheep raising in 



Vermont has undergone a marked change in the past 
fifty years, but to the man who has kept abreast of the 
times, and made his produiJ't to suit the demand of the 
present markets, it has been found fairly profitable, and 
indications at the present time are that the industry is 
likelv to increase. 



MAPLE SUGAR. 

I HE single produft in which Vermont excels all other 
States, in both quantity and quality, is maple sugar. 
The entire produiit of the country for 1889 was only 
about 50,000,000 pounds, or less than a pound for each 
of its population. Of this amount \"ermont produced 
nearly or quite one-third, and in producing it onlj' used 
from one-third to one-half of the maples of the State. 
So, although one of the earliest industries of the State, 
there are few that lack so much of being fully developed 
as this, and it would seem that a produiit that is so 
generally known, appreciated and sought after, should 
yield a profit sufficient to insure its producl^tion to the 
limit of the capacity of the State. 

Improved methods of manufacture, together with an 



25 




MODliRN SIGAU MAKING. 



increasing demand for the best quality as an article 
of luxury, is doing much to increase produ6lion. 
There is a wide contrast between past and present 
methods of making maple sugar. In the early 
days the first settlers used to tap their trees with an 
axe or tapping iron, catch the sap in troughs dug 
out of basswood logs, and boil in a kettle swung 
upon a pole, where it was possible to boil from fiity 
to one hundred gallons of sap per day, and to make 
from it a product dark in color, possessing sweet- 
ness, and also flavored with the various impurities 
of charcoal, ashes, leaves, etc., incident to the ex- 
posed condition of doing the work. The wooden 
troughs were first replaced with wooden pails or 
buckets, and later with tin ; the iron potash kettle, 
first with the small pan, and next the evaporator. The 
work has been transformed from the open woods to 
neat and comfortable sugar houses. The sap which 
used to be carried upon the shoulders of the sugar- 
makers, making their way much of the time upon 
snow shoes, is now drawn with teams in suitable 
tanks or tubs, or conducted through Hues of piping 
dire6f to the storage provided at the sugar house. All 
these changes indicate the progress that has taken 




place in this work, and accounts for the fa6t that much 
of the best sugar produced at the present time is sus- 
pected of being adulterated, because the flavor and 
color of former days is found lacking. At the present 
time only a few hours after the sap leaves the tree it is 
in the form of syrup or sugar, and ready to be mar- 
keted. The cuts employed show very well past and 
present methods and conveniences for making maple 
sugar. Among the best sugar makers sap is seldom, 
if ever, allowed to stand over night before boiling. 
Teams or men are kept at work gathering during the 



27 



day and deli\ering to tlic c\aporator, which is capable and which can on!}- l:>c used under certain restricrtions. 

of reducing to svrup witli great rapidilx , the capacity Persons lni\ ing sugar or svriip bearing tlie label of 

\arving with size of rig from 25 to 100 gallons per this association, can be certain of securing a jnirc and 

hour, liy means of this frequent gathering and rapid first-class article. The names of the members will be 

boiling the sap is in contai.H with the air but a short turnished on application to the secretar}', A.J. Croft, 

time, and discoloring is prevented. Could sap be Knosburgh Falls. \'t. 

evaporated without exposure to the air and loss of Though, as has been said, a large part of tin- avail- 
time, the produa would be almost absolutelj- white. ,^\,l^, niaples are at the present time unused, and though 
The market for this produ(5f has extended, and tin- Uiere are farms on the market today for a less price 
uses for it multiplied. It is little used at present as a than the value of the maples upon them tor sugar ]iur- 
domestic necessity, but as a luxury, and large quantities poses, improved methods in making and marketing are 
are sold as maple syrup or honey, which is put in air having their effecH. and the business at the present time 
tight packages and sealed while hot. and il" properly is increasing each year, 
put up will keep indelinitely. ^Pl^^, ^..^^.^^. ^.^,,j,„„ „i _,„^,.„. j^.^.^-,^.,^ j„ ^^,,j^.,, ^^.,^^,,^. 

Maple sugar is used extensively by confec'doners for neighborhoods are invited, has not passed away, and 

maple candy, by the housewife for making cakes, pies, the old and the young gather with old time interest to 

cookies, etc., it giving a Havor for such uses superior eat sugar spread upon snow, with the accompaniment 

to any other sugar. The demand for the maple produi't of doughnuts : nor has the preterence for the scum that 

has given rise to much adulteration and counterfeiting, rises in process of boiling lost caste. Todav the sugar 

and it is probably true that there is more of the coun- maker tests his svru|i by thermometer or hydrometer, 

terfeit Uian the genuine on the market. Tt) ]iroteCt knowing exactly the condition ol his produO-t, and 

their customers against fraud the Vermont maple sugar whether it is lit tor syrup, tub sugar or cakes. The 

makers have formed an association, and adopted a trade custom of testing by means of watching it apron from 

mark for their goods which is protei^ted by a copyright, the ladle or ilipper, by dropping in cold water, or 

28 



blowing from a brown splint, has been superceded by the flocks, but an}' general efforts in the way of man- 
accurate and reliable scientific tests. It is not claimed ufat!:turing are of comparative recent date. There were 
that all the maple sugar produced in Vermont at the obstacles in the way of such enterprises, of which the 



present time is of standard quality ; but the proportion 
of this class of goods is increasing each year, and when 
so made the industry is found to be profitable. And 
in proportion as the markets come to know pure from 
adulterated maple sugar, and the sugar makers learn 
to produce the best quality of produ^-t, will the business 
increase and become more profitable. 



MANUFACTURING. 



main one was a lack of good roads and cheap transpor- 
tation facilities. And even when railroads were estab- 
lished, thev for a long time failed to appreciate that man- 
ufatrturing was desirable, and made rates that, as com- 
pared with other seiitions, were praiitically prohibitory. 
More recentlv, as the State has come to be meshed 
with railroads, and competition has cheapened trans- 
portation from juncrtion points, it has been found profit- 
able to harness a portion of the unlimited water pow er 
with which the State abounds, and many important 
manufaL^uring plants have grown up and added largely 
pXCEPT that, in a certain sense, every home in to the material resources of the State. Some of these 
i^^ Vermont did manufa*;:turing in former times, it are closely identified with the State, producing either 
can be said that verv little attention was paid to this the produe^ts of Vermont genius or Vermont quarries 
business. Artisans in the various trades supplied the in such proportions as to ha\'e commanded the atlcn- 
demands of the first settlers. The blacksmith, the tion of the world, and taken the foremost rank. Of 
carpenter, the wheelv\'right and the cobbler were found this class is the Fairbanks Scale Works at Si. johns- 
in e\'er\' co:nmunit\- pursuing their various vocations. bur\'. ^Fhe Fairbanks scale was the in\ention ot 
But establishments for producing manufac^tured goods Thaddeus Fairbanks, and the first produiits were made 
did not receive earlv attention. Woolen mills were and produced in a small way. finding a limited sale 
among the first to be erected to utilize the produ(its of among his neighbors. Under good management the 

29 




^^-x.^^Sa7"q :e?,;k^, 



business grew, until at tlie present lime it occupies 
buildings as shown in the cut, and claims the largest 
sale of scales of any factory in the world, and its scales 
are the standard for all European countries, North and 
South America, India, China. Japan, Australia, Africa, 
and the East and West Indies. A close competitor in 
this department of manufaiituring is the Howe Scale 
Company, located at Rutland, a j'ounger company, 
that was for a time unfortunate in its management, but 
at the present is fast winning public favor through the 
excellence of its workmanship, and gi\es promise of a 
successful future. 

x\t Brattleboro is located another industr\' of Xev- 
mont origin, the Estey Organ Works. The Estev 
organ was the invention of Jacob Estey, and com- 
menced under the most humble circumstances. For 
several years the in\entor used to drix'e through the 
country with his own team, sellinrf musical instruments 
to the people of the adjoining country. Good business 
ta6f, together with having produced a good organ, 
brought its reward, and though since o\ertaken by tlood 
and other misfortunes, the business has grown to be the 
largest of its kind in the world, and last \'ear the com- 
pletion of the last of 250,000 organs was celebrated in 



a fitting manner. And as in the past, so now, no 
effort is spared to keep true the claim of the company 
that the "Estey leads the world."' 

One of the largest woolen manutae^tories of New 
England is located at Winooski, the Burlington Woolen 
Company. This C()mpan\- uses 5,000 pounds of wool 
per da}', or more than 1,500.000 pounds per year, 
nearly as much as the State of \'ermont produces. 
Other important woolen mills are located at Hartford. 
North Hartland. Jolinsou. Ludlow, Springfield and 
Bennington, and smaller mills at other places. 

The Lane Manufaiituring Company, at Montpelier, 
is the leading firm in New England in producing saw- 
mill machinery. The maniifaiiture of the various wood 
products are scattered through nearly every town in 
the State, producing about $4,000,000 worth of goods 
per annum. 

The principal lumber market of the State is Bur- 
lington, whose favorable location on Lake Champlain, 
giving cheap means of transportation to consuming 
points, has enabled it to maintain its rank as one of 
the leading markets in the United States. 

Besides the works mentioned there are cotton mills, 
machine shops, foundries, canning factories, shoe fac- 



31 



r 




HOWE SCAI.li \\ t)KK,S. 



tories, paper mills, etc., many of which have lately 
come into the State, and all of which have found in 
Vermont conditions favorable to success. Prominent 
among them is the Vermont Farm Machine Company, 
of Bellows Falls, which was organized in 1873, and 
first manufa6lured an evaporator for maple sap and 
sorghum. Four years later the manufacture of dairy 
apparatus was added, and a specialty was made of the 
Cooley Creamer, which has taken first place among 
gravity processes of raising cream, and received the 
gold medal at the Paris Exposition. Over 100,000 
of these creamers have been sold. The business of 
this firm commenced in a room 25 x 30, and has since 
been enlarged as business has increased, and are now 
the largest in their line in the United States. The 
main building of the Company is 365 x 60 feet. They 
now manufacture a full line of dairy and creamery 
apparatus, including the Centrifugal Separator, and 
have a trade extending to all parts ol the United States, 
Europe and Australia. 

According to statistics recently taken, it is shown 
that in the past two years nearly $2,000,000 has been 
in\-ested in e.stablit^hingnew maimfaiitories in Vermont. 
This estimate does not include the working capital. 



but the amount invested in buildings and machinery 
with which to conduCt the business. These various 
enterprises have utilized many of V^ermont's idle water 
powers, but many others are yet unemployed, and 
waiting for tlie person who shall first discover for 
what purpose they can be profitably turned from their 
present course and made to perform useful service. 



QUARRYING. 

e)SELY allied to, and in many respeCts a portion 
of Vermont manufactures is its quarrying, and in 
treating it under a separate heading it is done because 
of itself it forms a very important part of Vermont's 
industrial growth, and because the produCt in its fin- 
ished condition represents Vermont's raw material, 
Vermont labor and Vermont skill. Taken from the 
mountains, a free gift to those who discover it, there is 
no expense that enters into this produCt except the use 
of capital to conduCl the business, and the labor be- 
stowed upon it. 

Until ver}' recently this source of wealth has been 
entirely unknown, and at the present time scarcely a 



33 




j=ii:v»***« ' 



1 < ^ ' 



1 1 ^ 



T*T-rTNi-»-— "i^' 









M. 



u^ 



>f- 



a 






■ '35 



a_ 




A ■ V\U G P iJ R l) ■ MF'U- CT 



VliltMONT I'AKM MACIIINK COMPANY. 



beginning has been made in revealing its possibility, 
and it requires no strain upon the imagination to fore- 
see greater wealth from beneath the soil in quarrying 
the various rocks and minerals with which it is under- 
laid than all that has ever come from the surface. The 
growth and success of this business to the present time 
certainly suggest all and more than this. 

The marble industry was the first to receive atten- 
tion, and for a long time was carried on with slight 
knowledge of the business and with doubtful success. 
The early means of transportation with teams over 
poor roads were not such as to favor a business of this 
kind, and only about half a century ago, it is claimed 
that so little was known of this business that the entire 
tract of land now covered by the West Rutland quar- 
ries, which was then used for a sheep pasture, was 
traded even for an old horse of doubtful value. 
Whether this is true or not it is unnecessary to inquire, 
as it is known that it might easily have been true of 
the site of the West Rutland or other quarries of the 
State at that time. It is only about twenty years since 
this business took form, and commenced to be con- 
du61:ed in a way to make it profitable. The use of 
marble has demonstrated its capability of withstanding 



the effects of air and sun and rain, and no stone is so 
highly valued for monumental or building purposes. 
At the present time over half of all the marble used in 
the United States is quarried in Vermont, and nearly 
90 per cent of all monumental marble is obtained here. 
Quarries of marble are now operated at different points 
along the western portion of the State, extending from 
the earliest known black marble of Isle La Motte to 
the quarries of Bennington county. In 1891 there 
were 3,317 men employed in this work, receiving in 
wages and salaries $1,162,746; and capital invested 
amounting to $7,394,525. 

The largest company operating in marble in the 
world is the Vermont Marble Company, whose head- 
quarters are at Pro6tor. This company, through its 
efficient first president, Redfield Proftor, did a great 
work in simplifying the means of production, and 
introducing machinery to supplant manual labor in 
many of the processes of manufacture. It is claimed 
that the process of sawing marble by means of sand 
and a toothless strip of iron was the invention of Isaac 
Markham, of Middlebury. 

The claim is made that the entire western part of 
V'ermont is underlaid with a marble formation, of which 



35 



it is impossible to know anything as to where the 
valuable deposits are located, except as chance or 
investigation reveals it. The principal portion of lhe 
marble now produced in Vermont is wiihin a radius 
of five miles from the city of Rutland, and to esti- 
mate the future possibilities which may lie in this 
diretftion is suggested as a problem suitable to em- 
ploy the most vivid imagination in its solution. 



GRANITE. 

YOUNGER than the marble industry, but not less 
important, is the production of granite. It was 
quarried as early as 1812, and used for building pur- 
poses in walls, window caps, and underpinning to a 
limited extent, and was found upon the surface through- 
out a large portion of the State. The building of the 
second State Capitol of Vermont, nearly sixty years 
ago, from this m.aterial, gave to us one of the finest Cap- 
itols in New England, and at the same time informed 
the world of the wealth of this product which lay stored 
in the granite hills of Barre. 



But it is of very recent date that anything has been 
done toward bringing granite working to the position 
it now occupies. 

In 1875 the town of Barre became connected with 
the Central Vermont system of railroads by a donation 
of $55,000 for the building of a branch road. This 
furnished an outlet for the production of her quarries, 
and the beginning of the manufacture of monumental 
work was made. Though still in its infancy, this indus- 
try has become of great importance, not only to Barre, 
but to the State. Another railroad, costing $250,000, 
has been made to the quarries, and over this road 1,000 
tons of granite have been carried in one da}', and 
100,000 tons, besides 22,000 passengers, in a year. 
More than 70 acres of quarry have been uncovered, 
and equipped with the latest improved derricks, steam 
drills, and other machinery, and the granite works in 
the village have an aggregate floor space of more 
than six acres. 

If all the plants engaged in the finishing of this mate- 
rial in Barre could be combined in one manufacturing 
center it would occupy a space of more than 50 acres, 
give employment to 3,000 men, and pay them yearly 



37 




rM;ATyim£^'^o'^9erG^AN''r£. (pMPs^r,^ ^. f^^^rji^7^-:v'?es^tiH^^^?ra^ 



$2,000,000. And this industry is the growth of only 
twelve years ! 

The granite business has changed the population of 
the town froii 2,000 to 10,000, increased its valuation 
from $700,000 to $3,500,000, and furnished monu- 
mental work, made from the best quality of granite, to 
every State in the republic. The manufacfturers have 
an exhibit of Barre granite at the World's Columbian 
Exposition. It may be seen in the building devoted to 
manufactures and arts, in the northwest corner. 

Their agent at Secition H, Group 92, will furnish 
any information required. 

Granite quarries have been opened in other towns, 
among which are Hardwick, Williamstown, Dummers- 
ton, Berlin, Woodbury and Ryegate, and many other 
localities report large deposits of this mineral, and 
some are already doing a small business and others 
organizing. No industry in which Vermont has ever 
been engaged has employed so large an amount of 
labor for capital employed as granite, and the produc- 
tion of the State is only limited by the demands of the 
market. 

Slate is another of Vermont's important mineral 
produ6ts, and is a close competitor with marble and 



granite. It is quarried now principally at Fair Haven 
and Poultney, in Rutland county. Other localities 
have quarries that are being worked to some extent, 
and others that are now idle. Nearl}' 50 companies 
are now engaged in this industry, and employed in 
1891, 1,323 persons, paying in salaries and wages 
$572,515 per year. Nearly one-fifth of all the slate 
produced in the United States comes from Vermont, no 
State except Pennsylvania producing as much. The 
improved machinery and methods now employed in 
this work are likely to render profitable some of the 
quarries that have been abandoned in the past, and 
place the business upon a profitable basis, and in this 
way largely increase the produ6l from the State. 

Besides these three leading mineral resources, the 
State has deposits of others that have been worked to 
some extent. Among these is copper that has formerly 
been produced in Vershire and Strafford, employing a 
large force of workmen. Something is now being 
done in this work, though the failure of the companies 
formerly operating, by bad business management, has 
served to check and retard producftion. Paint is found 
at Brandon and has been largely used, is of a durable 
character, but lacks somewhat in fineness. Iron, talc. 



39 



soapstone, freestone, asbestos, kaolin, and quartz are 
also found in several localities, and in some seiitions 
something is being done in the way of working them. 



SCENERY. 

THE scenery of Vermont is a subjecft that has often 
engaged the thoughts and pens of the best writers 
of both this and foreign lands, and each has viewed it 
iVom a s tandpoint of his own, and taken in that 
portion which was within his range of vision, and 
each new writer has found a new field and new subjecfts 
upon which to exercise his descriptive powers. Its 
mountains, with their peculiar beauty, timbered and 
green to their summit, lofty and magnificent in their 
proportions, and beautiful in their disorderly yet har- 
monious arrangement, has inspired many an attempt to 
place them betbre the world in a word pidfure as the}' 
appeared to the eye. The landscape viewed from the 
summit of these mountains, in which could be seen vil- 
lages, farms, lakes, and rivers within a radius of 50 or 
more miles in either direction, has called forth ardent 



appreciation, and been often written upon by those who 
have been privileged to behold it. 

The valleys, too, have called forth frequent praise 
from those who have enjoyed the fine drives along their 
course. The rivers on their way to the sea, sometimes 
wild with fury in passing the steep declivities in their 
course, at other times sluggish while winding their 
sinuous course through the meadow lands, alwaj's clear 
as crj'stal and pure as the fountains from which they 
sprung, have elicited much admiration, both by those 
who have followed their course in pursuit of the gamey 
trout with which they abound, and by lovers of nature 
in either her peaceful or wrathful moods. 

The thousands of ponds and lakes hid among the 
mountains, and surrounded by some of the finest scen- 
er}' that the eye ever beheld, have afforded pleasant 
retreats for many a sportsman and lover of nature who 
annually testify to their appreciation by a return to 
spend a season in their vicinity. The pure air of the 
mountains, free from contaminating poisons or germs, 
which is filled with health and vigor for those who 
breathe it, has many times been extolled by those whose 
salvation it has been. The quiet, industrious life of 
the people, free alike from the enervating influence of 



41 




liKAUlOHU SIAIION AM) (. ONNEC 1 II UT RIVER. 



wealth or the dependent servility of poverty, and the 
absence of both aristocracy and peasantry, have elicited 
much unsought praise from those who have come to 
know them. The historic interest of Vermont dates 
back to its first settlement. The Green Mountain Boys 
at Lake Dunmore, and in their subsequent operations 
in preparing their attack upon Crown Point and Ticon- 
deroga, the bloody fields of Hubbardton and Benning- 
ton, the massacre of Westminster, and the raids of the 
Indians, have made memorable many localities, and as 
one comes to know the State, it is a surprise to find 
how much of its territory is historic because of deeds 
of heroism or suffering, self-sacrifice or torture that is 
connedted with the spot, and the annals of the State 
have been well preserved by those who have known of 
its events. 

The love of Vermonters for their State has often been 
a topic of discussion and sometimes of surprise to those 
who have known nothing of the conditions, and many 
things have been written and said in praise of the 
State as its absent sons have gathered to revive the 
memories of youth, and to sweeten age with pure 
draughts of fond recollections of the State of their 
nativity. Notwithstanding all these things that have 



been so well written upon or talked about, it is impos- 
sible for the stranger to know Vermont until it has been 
seen. Though hundreds of places and events have 
been described, there are thousands that neither cam- 
era has taken, pencil portrayed, or pen described that 
are of equal interest and beauty, and events of history 
and charafteristics of the people that are continually 
new. The feature of Vermont scenery is that its story 
cannot be told nor pi6lured. To the lover of nature 
it is one grand gallery of divine art and beauty, and 
each step that is taken gives a new point of sight from 
which the scene puts on a new and different aspect. 
Perhaps it would be more proper to say that it was 
beautiful rather than grand, restful instead of exciting, 
and pleasing rather than surprising. Of all I have 
seen in the way of description of Vermont scenery, 
nothing better than the following from the pen of Rev. 
William H. Lord has ever come to my attention : 

"A few regions God has made more beautiful tlian others. His 
hand has fashioned some dreams or symbols of heaven in certain 
landscapes of earth ; and we have always thought that the Almighty 
intended, when he. formed the hills of Vermont and shook out the 
green drapery of the forests over their sloping shoulders, and made 
them fall in folds like the robe of a king along their sides, to give us 
a dim picture of the new creation and the celestial realm. Italy is a 
land of rarer sunsets and deeper sky, of haunting songs and grander 



43 



memories: Switzerland is ,i region of more towering siiljlimitv and 
unapproaclialile grandeur; but in all the galleries of God there is 
none that so shows the exquisite genius of creative art, the blending 
of all that is beautiful and attractive with nothing to terrify the eye, 
the mingling of so much of the material glory, both of the earth and 
the heavens, with so little to appal the sense. Vermont in summer 
is the Almighty's noblest gallery of divine art." 

Though impossible to even mention the points of 
peculiar interest in the State, a word of explanation or 
history is here given of some of the points represented 
in the engravings we have used. And it is but just to 
ourselves and to localities that are not given a place to 
say that the preparation of this work was decided upon 
just at the approach of winter, and it has been imprac- 
ticable to take views of scenery to any great extent for 
this work, and we have been obliged to select and 
arrange to the best advantage from such material as 
could be found with our artists. 

Lake Dunmore is and will always remain a point of 
interest to Vermonters, not only from its natural beauty 
and situation, at the base of the western slope of the 
Green Mountains, from whose eastern shore there rises 
to their full altitude the mountain range, with no inter- 
vale or cleared or cultivated field to break the rugged 
character of the scene, but because on its eastern shore 



was located the earliest rendezvous of the Green Moun- 
tain Boys in their organization to resist the authority of 
New York over land granted bj' New Hampshire. 
Also upon the bosom and along the eastern shore are 
located the scenes of the opening chapters of Thomp- 
son's story of the Green Mountain Boys, and accord- 
ing to his narrative the first punishment administered 
by these mountaineers was a bath to their enemies in 
the quiet waters of Dunmore. 

Farther back in the mountains, and at a short dis- 
tance from Dunmore, is Silver Lake, one of the clear, 
beautiful bodies of water in the State, and one which 
draws many visitors each season. 

Of Lake Champlain, of which glimpses of scenery 
are shown, a proper reference to its many seductive 
retreats and their magical beauty, or to recall the his- 
toric events that have taken place upon its bosom, 
would fill the entire space at our disposal. It was 
while sailing up this lake in 1609 that Samuel Cham- 
plain first discovered the range of mountains which 
gave their name to the State. It was upon the waters 
of this lake that expeditions were fitted out against the 
colonists during the war of the revolution, and upon 
this lake at the hands of McDonough that the English 



45 




fi^CN^D^^jL^l^^^^l 



j9(/Wr/iC'^A/0 f^ll^_ /o^Y WAr£/{.Mr^'^ 



received their final chastisement that ever since has 
remained as a wholesome remembrance. On one of 
the islands of this lake, La Motte, was erected the first 
fort upon Vermont soil, and today along the shore and 
upon the islands of Champlain thousands of people 
pitch their tents, or come to spend a brief season at 
some of the hotels, and drink in health, enjoyment and 
recreation, by partaking of the fruits and products of 
this beautiful se6tion, and in studying and appreciating 
its many beauties. 

Memphremagog, on our northern boundary, is next 
in size to Champlain, and has many attraftive and 
striking features. The high and rugged prominence 
known as Owl's Head, upon its western shore, the 
islands it contains, the beautiful and thriving village of 
Newport at its southern extremity, and a rich and 
thriving larming community upon the east, are a few 
of the many features that have helped to render this 
point a favorite resort for many people each season. 

Not so well known, but rapidly gaining in promi- 
nnence, is Willoughby Lake in the town of Westmore, 
of which a recent writer has well said : " I believe I 
am warranted in saying that nature has done more and 
art less for Willoughby Lake than any other spot in 



Vermont. Its entire length of six or seven miles, with 
a breadth of from one to one and a half miles, are so 
many miles of nature's grandest panorama. High 
mountains of rugged, bold rock, bound the lake on 
either side. On the easterly side of the lake is a car- 
riage road, hard, smooth, and near enough to the lake 
on one side so that the spray from the waves, breaking 
over the rocks in high wind, does away with the neces- 
sity for sprinklers made by hand, while on the easterly 
side the road is bounded by almost perpendicular moun- 
tains, with cooling streams forming cascades equal to 
those more celebrated in the White Mountains ; a lake 
of clear, cold water, with fish uncaught, enough for 
many genefations." Recently an improvement com- 
pany has been organized at Willoughby Lake for the 
purpose of building roads and erecting a large hotel. 
At Greensboro is Caspian Lake, located at an alti- 
tude of 1,500 feet above the sea, and one of the favor- 
ite resorts for camping parties. Several cottages have 
been ere6ted by those who return year after year to 
spend their vacation here. The water of this lake 
is from springs, and always cool and clear. It is a 
favorite home of the speckled troiU, with which it is 
well supplied. The land adjoining this lake is high 



47 



and dry, and one of the chief inducements to passing 
some of one's summer here is in the facft that mosqui- 
toes and malaria are unknown. 

Lake Morey, in the town of Fairlee, has also become 
prominent as a place of resort during the heat of the 
summer, and the number of people who spend here a 
portion of each summer is annually increasing. It is 
not lacking in any of the attractions in the way of 
natural scenery that go to make Vermont lakes popu- 
lar as summer resorts, and has an added advantage 
in being somewhat nearer Boston and the cities of New 
England than its more northern rivals. Recent inves- 
tigation as to whom belonged the credit of first apply- 
ing steam to the propulsion of boats, on the part of the 
friends of Capt. Samuel Morey, has led to the conclu- 
sion that the engine and machinery used by Capt. 
Morey in his first application of his invention in 1792, 
was afterwards used to propel a boat upon Lake 
Morey, and was sunk there between the years 1820 and 
1825. Efforts to discover this craft have so far been 
unavailing, but the point where it was sunk is claimed 
to be known, and is pointed out with much certainty, 
and the faCt that it has not been found is explained by 
the muddy charaifter of the bottom of the lake at this 



place, and the boat is supposed to have sunk into the 
mud beyond reach, having been filled with stones when 
it was sunk. Vermonters take quite an interest in the 
work of Capt. Morey with his first steamboat, espec- 
ially from the ia6i that in his last days he was a resi- 
dent of the State ; and it appears reasonably conclusive 
that fourteen or fifteen years before Fulton made his 
memorable trip from New York to Albany in 1807, 
Capt. Samuel Morey steamed up the Connedticut river 
in a craft of his own construction against the current, 
at a speed of four miles an hour, and that Fulton 
afterwards applied the principle of Capt. Morey's craft 
to the invention for which the world has accorded him 
credit. 

Lake Bomoseen, in Castleton, a body of water con- 
taining 15,000 acres, has long been noted as a summer 
resort, and is well provided with hotel accommoda- 
tions. 

Lake St. Catherine, in Poultney, has also its patrons 
in seasons of summer travel. 

Besides the lakes mentioned the State has some fif- 
teen or twenty others less widely known, having areas 
of 1,000 to 5,000 acres each, upon whose shores one 
may find charming sites for summer cottages, and 



49 





(0/yi^fyy'^,-q(iiy.,;i,„ iiicnrj^^^f/u 



J — ~^ 



-^•.■: 



I 

f 







d-^rjjes^oi'it' ^^,op3^): j^^^dmM^ 




ROCK DUNDER. 



upon whose waters can be found every opportunity 
to enjoy the pleasures of boating, or rare inducements 
to indulge in the angler's art. 

Of the mountains, of which no attempt will be made 
either to describe their own intrinsic beauty or the 
views of surpassing loveliness that may be seen from 
their summits, probably Mansfield is best known, and 
accredited with the highest altitude. Fancy has con- 
ceived the summit of this mountain in its irregular 
outline to resemble the appearance of an old man's 



face turned upward, and the two prominent peaks of 
the range, designated as nose and chin, suggest that 
these features are quite prominent in the face repre- 
sented. Mansfield Mountain is located in Underbill, 
and has a passable carriage road to the summit. 

South of Mansfield, in the town of Duxbury, is seen 
the summit of Camel's Hump, which is over 4,000 feet 
above the sea. 

Killington, in Sherburne, which is seen from many 
portions of the State, ranks next to Mansfield in alti- 
tude, and has a place in the memory of nearly every 
one who has been familiar with Vermont. 

Like a lone sentinel on guard stands Ascutnej' on 
the eastern border of the State. Up from the banks 
of the Conne6ficut river, it rises to a height of over 
3,300 feet. The pleasant and thriving village of 
Windsor is at its feet, and large and excellent deposits 
of granite have been opened upon its side. Unlike 
most Vermont mountains no trees cover the summit, 
and no other mountains being near, an unobstructed 
view can there be obtained for nearly fifty miles in 
each direction. 

Back from the village of Woodstock is Mount Tom, 
not of high altitude, but of interest, because at great 



51 




WII.I.OUGHBY I.AKK. 



expense the late Frederick Billings built excellent 
roads to its top and along its sides, which render it 
attradlive and interesting to tourists. 

Six miles below Woodstock, along the course of the 
Ottaquechee river, is found, not a mountain, but a 
gorge or gulf of considerable notoriety, known as 
Quechee Gulf. The almost perpendicular sides of 
this chasm to a depth of nearly 200 feet have served to 
class it among the points of interest in the State. At 
the point where the Woodstock railroad crosses this 
chasm the bridge has a total length of 200 feet, and 
the distance from the railroad track to the water is 165 
feet. 

When it is considered that the entire 157 miles from 
north to south in Vermont is traversed by a high moun- 
tain range, it is easily seen how little of this can be 
referred to. All Vermonters take pride in their moun- 
tains, and Sterling and Pico, Jay Peak, Pisgah, and 
Equinox all have features peculiar to themselves and 
of interest to the lover of mountain scenery, while 
rising out of the level country of Addison county. 
Snake or Grand View Mountain seems higher than 
many points of greater altitude, and is the pride of 



the people of the locality, and valued highly for the 
fine view from its summit. 

The economic value of Vermont scenery is a feature 
new to most of the people of the State, and people who 
have found their way into the State to spend a portion 
of each season have, as a rule, come without invitation 
or inducement from the citizens. Clinging close to 
the traditions of the past and to former customs, it is 
but recently that the people of the State have seen any 
advantage in soliciting a portion of the travel which 
each season seeks a rest and change by means of a few 
weeks in some interesting and inviting retreat. The 
result of the little that has yet been done has been to 
supply our summer resorts and hotels with more cus- 
tom than they could accommodate, and many a farm- 
er's home has been utilized to the mutual advantage of 
both host and guest. New hotels are each year being 
ere6led, new sedfions are being beautified, homes are 
being opened to this travel, and many are buying small 
tra6fs of land and building neat cottages for summer 
homes for their families, where they may escape the 
heat, the dust, and disease of the cities, and become 
strong by close communion with nature, surrounded 
with her richest privileges. 



53 



liT)portant \/eriT)or)t [oWns and Tities. 



WERMONT can claim no large city within her bor- 
^ ders, and the facft that there are beautiful and well 
kept villages and cities is almost lost sight of in mak- 
ing up a list of \"ermont attra6lions. Because other 
states have more populous towns, it does not follow 
that they are more attradtive or pleasant, or provided 
with finer buildings, or contain more pri^-ileges. 

BURLINGTON, 

The Qiieen City and pride of Vermont, with its 15,000 
population, located on the east shore of Lake Cham- 
plain : the seat of the State University ; the center of a 
large lumber trade and extensive manufafturing ; 
possesses all the advantages of location, either for busi- 
ness or for scenic effect, that could be asked for by the 
most exa6ting. It is provided with fine public build- 
ings, excellent schools and charitable institutions, and 
extensive business blocks. The people are enterpris- 
ing and take great interest in the welfare of the city. 



It is the second oldest city in the State, having been 
incorporated in 1864. It has many fine private resi- 
dences, and has become a favorite resort for men of 
wealth from the larger cities who have built homes and 
made their residence there. The growth of Burling- 
ton has been steady and legitimate, and at no time 
greater than at the present. 

RUTLAND, 

The second city in size, and sometimes known as the 
Marble City, is the center of the marble trade of the 
State, and has several important manufactures. The 
largest of these is the Howe Scale Works. The build- 
ings of Rutland are many of them fine, and the mar- 
ble which enters largely into their construction gives 
them a rich appearance. Several lines of railroad 
center at Rutland, giving it many advantages as a 
shipping point. 

VERGENNES, 

The oldest city in the State, was incorporated in 1788. 
It is situated eight miles from Lake Champlain, at the 
lower falls of Otter Creek, which is navigable to this 



55 




ox IIIE O'lTAt^llKCUEJ;, MCAl! WOODSTOCK. 



HIHTIIIM.AL'E OK IIIUAM POWERS. 



point. It has an extensive water power, only a portion 
of which is at present employed. 

ST. ALBANS, 

Located on St. Albans Bay, in the northwest portion 
of the State, contains the shops and offices of the Cen- 
tral Vermont Railroad. Considerable manufaiituring 
is done here, and it is one of the leading markets of 
New England for butter and flour. It is surrounded 
by as rich farming lands as the State possesses, and is 
one of the growing towns of the State. 

MIDDLEBURY, 

On Otter Creek, is the seat of Middlebury College, 
and one of the finest villages in the State. Its broad 
and shady streets and fine buildings are a feature 
always noticed by those who visit the town. It has 
valuable marble quarries, some manufa6furing, and is 
the chief market for Merino sheep in the State. 

BRANDON 
Is a beautiful and enterprising village. Considerable 



marble is quarried here, and beds of ochre and kaolin 
are worked with profit. It has a curiosity in a frozen 
well, in which ice may be found throughout the year. 

PROCTOR, 

On Otter Creek, at Sutherland Falls, one of the high- 
est waterfalls in the State, being 122 feet, is the head- 
quarters of the Vermont Marble Company, which has 
at this place the largest quarry in the world. The 
town is exclusively given to quarrying and manufac- 
turing marble. 

FAIR HAVEN, 

On the Castleton River, is the leading slate producing 
town in the State. 

BELLOWS FALLS 

Is one of the important manufa6luring towns of the 
State, possessed of abundant water power, which is 
largely used in the manufadfure of paper. It has one 
of the largest plants for paper manufacture in the 
country. It is also an important railroad center. 



57 




WINDSOH AND ASlUTXEV MOlXr.MV. 



the fatt of being the oldest town in the 
western part of the State, and because an 
important battle in the war of the revolu- 
tion was fought near here in 1777, which 
is commemorated by a monument which 
was recently completed. The Soldiers' 
Home is also located here. 

BRATTLEBORO, 

In the southeastern part of the State, on 
the Conneiiticut River, is an important rail- 
road center and an important manufae^tur- 
ing town, the largest manufa6turing indus- 
try being the Estey Organs. Fort Dum- 
mer, of importance in the early history of 
the State, was located near the present 
Ku.LixGTux MOUNTAIN. village of Brattlcboro. 

BHNNINGTON, WESTMINSTER, 
Near the southwest corner of the State, has beds of 

kaolin, from which pottery is made, and of ochre. Also a Conne6ticut River town, was in early times the 

from which paints and paper filling is manufactured. shire town of Cumberland county. It is a small vil- 

It is an important manufafturing town, having exten- lage, but an excellent farming town, which had an 

sive hosiery mills, and of great historic interest from importance in the early history of the State from the 

59 





PATI'IKI.O NliAK \VOOI>srOCK. 



fafts that it was here tliat the convention met that 
declared Vermont to be an independent State, and 
here, also, that was shed the first blood of the revolu- 
tion, that of William French. 

SPRINGFIELD 

Is almost exclusively a manufafturing town. It is sit- 
uated on the Black River, which falls in a series of 
cascades at this point, furnishing one of the finest 
water powers in the State. 

WINDSOR, 

At the base of Ascutney mountain and on the Con- 
ne6ticut River, was the place at which was framed the 
first constitution of Vermont, and the place of meeting 
of the first legislature of Vermont, in March, 1778. 

WOODSTOCK 

Has always been noted for the natural beauty of its 
location and has many fine buildings, both public and 
private. It is the terminus of the Woodstock Railroad, 
which connects it with White River Jundion. 



RANDOLPH 

Is the most populous and wealthiest town in Orange 
county. It is located on the Central Vermont Rail- 
road, and on one of the branches of White River. It 
is one of the best farming towns in the State, and the 
principal village, West Randolph, is a well kept, 
thriving place, having considerable manufacturing. 

ST. JOHNSBURY, 

Which has been termed by one writer, " the model 
village of the world," is the headquarters of the Fair- 
banks Scale Works and other important manufactures. 
It has fine public buildings, a beautiful location, fine 
residences and business blocks and the best of school 
privileges. 

MONTPELIER, 

The capital of the State, located near its center, on the 
Winooski River, has important manufacfturing inter- 
ests. Its public buildings are among the best in the 
country. It has excellent school privileges, and many 
fine private residences. 



61 




\1K\VS OF LAKE MOKEY. 




iriGIinATE SPlilNGS. 



BARRE, 

Six miles from Monlpelier, has been already referred 
to in conne(ftion with the crranite industry. 

NEWPORT, 

On Lake Memphremagog, is a pleasant, wide-awake 
town, having a large trade in lumber, i|uite extensive 
manufacturing, is a favorite summer resort, and has 
made a steady increase in population. 



))(;in)iT)er fyesorts. 



TVlTHOIGII nearly every town in ihe State 
^ lias its summer visitors, and any list at- 
tempted must be very incomplete, a few of the 
best known places, in addition to the towns 
named, where special provisions have been 
made to entertain,' are here given : Middletown 
Springs, Clarendon Springs, Iodine Springs in 
South Hero, Alburgh Springs, HighgaleSprin^->, 
Sheldon Spiings, Hrunswick Springs, Lake Dun- 



more in Salisbury, Willoughby Lake in Westmore, 
Lake Bomoseen in Castleton, Lake St. Catherine in 
Poultney, Bread Loaf Inn in Ripton. Hyde Manor in 
Sudbury, Equinox Springs in Manchester. Hotels 
especially intended to accommodate summer travel are 
Ibund in Woodstock, Springfield, Brandon, Randolph. 
Peacham, Morrisville, Newport, Bradford, Stowe, 
and Wilmington, and the hotels at other places nearly 
all make pr<>vi-;i()Ps for accommodating this custom. 

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